This meant her ability to govern from the outset was immediately hampered. There were several factors that influenced Queen Elizabeths decision to sign the Treaty of Nonsuch including: Elizabeth believed in Divine Right and due to this, she didnt want to remove King Phillip as the ruler of Netherlands. Abroad, however, was another matter as Marys execution inflamed Catholic opposition and increased the threat of foreign invasion. Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. He also had a big empire in North and South America and by 1581, he had also become King of Portugal which gave him control of the important Atlantic port of Lisbon. Her arrival and ultimate house arrest were the result of her having to flee Scotland. The threat of invasion was heavy as England was in the midst of strongly Catholic countries in Europe, who saw Elizabeth's Protestantism as a threat to their own countries and a major problem. By 1572 Protestant ideas had spread in the Netherlands and Protestant Dutch rebels began a campaign for independence from Catholic Spain, leading to the Dutch Revolt. No, Francis in Reign does not have a child. Elizabeth had been in power for eight years by 1566 and it was at this time that the Catholic threat began to increase. Elizabeth delayed the opening of this Parliament that had originally been summoned in the autumn of 1588 in response to the defeat of the Spanish Armada for as long as she could afford to, knowing that the Commons would be eager to broach two topics, religious debates and foreign policy, that she usually reserved to her prerogative. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. As such, I disagree with the statement. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. Become a Member | Phillip II of Spain was reluctant to destroy his alliance with Elizabeth and therefore his support for the plots were heart-hearted. Most of the new ships were being built in the deepwater port Portuguese port of Lisbon which was protected by strong fortifications. The treaty essentially allowed Elizabeth to focus on developing events in the Netherlands and not worry about protecting her northern border. A significant amount of the Spanish troops lacked the experience of naval warfare, whereas the English fleet was manned by experienced sailors. Mary was married to Philip II of Spain. Here then, military alliances, English weaknesses, questions of legitimacy and the influence of religion all meant Elizabeth was very vulnerable upon her accession. 1558 -french threat. England and Spain had tried to remain on good terms but a growing rivalry between them led to increased tensions. The evidence was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial and eventually execute her for treason. In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. This increased tension between England and Spain. In total, less than 10000 men and half the fleet made it back to Spain. West Yorkshire, Explain why Elizabeth faced many problems upon ascending to the throne in 1558 . The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. 2) This war was not a success. Student / Mary, Queen of Scots had been linked to Catholic plots before, but Elizabeth had always been reluctant to take any action against her. I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. Why was the threat of invasion Elizabeth's biggest problem in 1558? Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. Calais was a French port which the English had occupied and was responsible for 80% of wool exports. A number of Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s had his involvement although he was reluctant and half-hearted in their execution. Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. Continue with Recommended Cookies. Died: 24 March 1603. They began to revolt against the Spanish. 214 High Street, In 1560, Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth's cousin called Mary Queen of Scots (MQS). Am I doing my History A-Level coursework correctly? In the eyes of the Spanish, Drake was a pirate however in the eyes of the English and Elizabeth, he was a patriot. 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. Time line for foreign policy 1559- 1571. Henry himself gave people cause . Therefore, Elizabeths legitimacy was questioned because of the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. The leading figure involved in the plot was Francis Throckmorton, a young Catholic man who carried messages between Mary and Catholic conspirators abroad. Boston Spa, West Yorkshire, Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. Describe two features of Mary Queen of Scots' threat to Elizabeth I. When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. After Anne Boleyn was executed, Henry had the marriage annulled, effectively meaning that it never happened. Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. This interference greatly angered the Spanish and provoked the ire of many Catholics, who now no longer saw Elizabeth as a mediator of the status quo, but as an interfering, troublesome monarch. Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. For example, from 1567, Elizabeth allowed the Dutch sea beggars to shelter in English harbours (from where they then attacked Spanish ships in the English Channel who were making their way with men and materiel to support Albas mission). Roberto di Ridolfi was an Italian banker who played a small role in the Revolt of the Northern Earls. What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II. August 8th: Battle of Gravelines fireships caused the Spanish fleet to scatter. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. Another danger was the risk Marys son, James VI of Scotland posted as he might seek revenge for his mothers death. Moreover, to raise money Elizabeth would have to make the immediately-unpopular decision of raising taxes, the permission for which would need to be granted by parliament (which, in turn, could then make further demands on Elizabeth). Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots eventually took place on 8th February 1587. From there we will look at the career . Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland was part of the Rising in the North in 1569. The plot was uncovered whilst Ridolfi was abroad (he never returned). July 31st: Battle of Plymouth two Spanish ships were captured. To counter homelessness and the begging/criminal activity that sometimes accompanied this, a law was passed that stated that, if found, vagrants were: 1) to be whipped and have a hole drilled through each ear 2) if found a second time would be imprisoned 3) would be killed if found a third time. - send 2000 to rebels. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. What he meant by this was he had inflicted significant temporary damage on the Spanish Armada and it would regrow in time. The English were worried about the threat of invasion and they attacked the Spanish ships as they sailed along the Channel, but the Armada was so strong that most of the ships reached Calais safely. [The importance of dates and chronology help demonstrate the long- term impact of Marys presence, which helps support the initial judgement.]. The fact that the Pope never approved Henry VIIIs divorce from Catherine of Aragon in 1533 (and England had to break from Rome in order to achieve this) combined with the fact that Catherine was still alive when Elizabeth was born. The French were Catholic but did not have the same hostility to English Protestantism as Spain was. Edward was succeeded by Mary, who in turn ruled for five years until her death in 1558. By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . . Also, the activities of English pirates', who looted Spanish ships, caused problems between Spain and England. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. The Ridolfi Plot of 1571 and later the Throckmorton and Babington Plots, of 1583 and 1586 respectively, all involved the aim of placing Mary on the throne. Their union had brought peace between Spain and England, and Elizabeth's Privy Council hoped to maintain this. [A clear summary of the arguments, once more making the link between Mary, the Pope and Catholic interference.]. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. As such, the Catholic community cited both religious and legal reasons why Elizabeth had no right to be Queen, which made her accession extremely problematic. Elizabeth had also reduced the power of the northern nobles and increased her own control over the north through the Council of the North, which helped govern the area. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. J. Indeed, the Ridolfi Plot of 1571 was even led by one of the Popes spies, Roberto Ridolfi. Why religious compromise was so difficult. She replaced her Catholic half-sister Mary, who died childless. Doodle's Point of View King Philip of Spain sent an. Elizabeth I is by many historians considered one of England's greatest ever monarchs, which heralded the 'golden age' in English history. Boston House, John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. - Leith blockade. Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). This time, however, the evidence gathered by Walsingham was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . The relationship with Spain and King Phillip II was at a low point in 1587 as the two countries were at war over the Netherlands. The victory over the Spanish boosted Elizabeths popularity and strengthened the Protestant cause as it was a sign that God favoured Protestantism. Parma and his men, however, were being blockaded by Dutch ships and werent able to reach the coast in time. Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. The Spanish had a greater army and Dudleys army was significantly smaller. Pope Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth from the Catholic Church. Born 7th September 1533 , Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. How significant was the threat to Elizabeth I, posed by her Roman Catholic subjects in the years 1558-1588? This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II. Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. Norfolk was killed in 1572. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . The Duke of Medina Sidonia sailed up the Channel and anchored at Calais while waiting for reinforcements from the Duke of Parmas troops. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: In 1568, the Queens Spymaster, Francis Walsingham used his spy network to prove that Mary had supported the Babington Plot. In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. This established a new Anglo-Scottish peace and also reconfirmed the agreement at Cateau-Cambresis. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. The Throckmorton plot was a conspiracy to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots in 1583. The war against France ended in 1559, and following Elizabeths accession, they tried to maintain good relations between the two countries. Company Reg no: 04489574. Roberto Ridolfi was a spy of the Pope. She was the last monarch of the Tudor period. In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. Over 100,000 of this was owed to the Antwerp Exchange who charged an interest rate of 14%. . Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? Elizabeth had also claimed all the profits from copper mines that were discovered in his estates which meant he lost a significant amount of money too. Describe two features of Elizabeth's religious settlement 1559 5. English ships departed from Plymouth to meet the Armada. She was then third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. There were French troops in Scotland, and this posed a problem for Elizabeth and the security of England because England was still technically at war with France. VAT reg no 816865400. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. Elizabeth faced many problems upon her accession to her throne in 1558 and, whilst the question of legitimacy was important, the immediate concerns of debt, as well as the threat from France and Scotland were of far greater significance as they instantly impacted upon her ability to rule. Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. She was reluctant to execute Mary as she was Queen of Scotland and she believed in Divine Right that rulers were sent by God to govern their country. Those who refused this were sent to prison. Company Reg no: 04489574. The Spanish sailed as far north as Scotland to make sure they did not regroup and return to collect Parmas army. There were a number of factors that contributed to the English victory and Spanish defeat which included English strengths, Spanish weaknesses, as well as luck itself. In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. There were fewer naval ships anchored there and the port was the centre for a large number of naval supplies which Drake intended to either seize or destroy. Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. Probably at the core of Elizabeth's decision to remain single was an unwillingness to compromise her power. These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. Marriage and the Succession She was expected to marry and produce an heir for the Tudor line but she wanted to choose the right person and not anger anyone. From 1566 the Pope had instructed English Catholics to take part in recusancy, and by 1570 a Papal Bull had been issued excommunicating Elizabeth and stating that English Catholics had no need to have loyalty towards their Queen and instead should help overthrow her. Edward was born on 12 October 1537 in his mother's room inside Hampton Court Palace, in Middlesex. As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. (*fragmentary*). Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. The plan was discovered and the Earls feared being executed for treason, so in a desperate attempt to escape punishment, they rebelled against Elizabeth and tried to overthrow her. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. Use your outline The English had drastically improved their shipbuilding techniques which gave them several technological advantages. She was a Protestant. -Threats from Catholics in the middle years were significant e.g. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the reasons for the increased Catholic threat to Elizabeth I after 1566. They never met with the Duke of Parma and were forced to sail around the British Isles. Manage Settings The Spanish plan to meet the Duke of Parma at Dunkirk was seriously flawed. - Threats of invasion or Elizabeth's authority were made worse by her financial situation. By 1568 most people had accepted. Write a paragraph or two. From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. Stimulus = Anne Boleyn / The threat from France, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. One reason Dudley failed was that he wasnt a talented general or tactician. Elizabeth I inherited a position of war with France, which was declared by Mary in 1556. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. 214 High Street, This was because the society was very patriarchal, male dominated, meaning that she . In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeth's role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots' arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. Mary became the inspiration for frequent revolts and rebellions, as it suddenly appeared possible that Elizabeth could be realistically replaced by a legitimate Catholic heir. Francis Drake led an attack at Cadiz on the Spanish fleet, who were preparing for an invasion of the English. Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. This peace treaty between England and France ended the war inherited by Elizabeth from her half-sister Mary I, who went to war alongside her Spanish husband Philip II in 1557. When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. He plotted a Spanish invasion of England, which would involve the killing of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. Elizabeth sent an army of 14,000 men to crush the revolt, which lasted around a month (November to December). There were two important reasons why France was seen as a threat to England. Upon his arrival, he accepted the position of Governor-General which proved to be a big mistake as it suggested that Elizabeth had taken control of the Netherlands. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th point + evidence. Working for the British, Native American Manteo was placed in charge of the expedition by Sir Walter Raleigh. King Phillip tried to send two further Armadas in the 1590s however, both were unsuccessful. Company Reg no: 04489574. VAT reg no 816865400. Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. This attack proved to be a major setback for Spanish preparation for the Armada. Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. The child cried when he saw the _______ of his favorite toy in the driveway. Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17th November 1558 to 24th March 1603. In 1565 the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire proposed that Elizabeth marry Archduke Charles of Austria. He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was part of the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth. Italian bankers from Genoa had lent Philip II money to fund his campaign in the Netherlands (which was trying to put down the Dutch Revolt). There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. In January 1558, the french conquered Calais, England's last remaining territory on the European mainland. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. The Duke of Norfolk was arrested and executed however Mary was not punished beyond her supervision being made tighter. Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. Robert Dudley was the Earl of Leicester and during the time of the conflict involving the Netherlands, he was appointed to lead the military expedition to the Netherlands. Freshwater supplies were lost and many tons of food rotted as the fleet eventually sailed to England in 1588. Elizabeth made England protestant, which caused tension with the rest of Europe as they were heavily catholic (such as Spain and France).
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